Jasper Products is the only provider of a patented leakproof valve for industrial applications. Arnold Construction wants to include Jasper Products in a project for Arnold's customer, thereby increasing the chance that Arnold will be selected to perform the project. However, Jasper Products charges a premium price for its valves, eroding Arnold's profitability. This situation is indicative of the high bargaining power of ________?
1) suppliers
2) customers
3) competitors
4) substitutes



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