Grandco owns land purchased in 2020 that had been the site of a toxic waste dump in the late 1980s. Grandco executives knew about the land's history but had nothing to do with the dumping of waste decades before. Grandco had purchased the land from Property Ventures, Incorporated PV) commercial real estate company which had owned the land during the time when the waste was dumped. A third party. Waste Haulers Corporation (WHC), was the company that hauled the toxic waste to the site in the 1960s and chose it as a site for dumping, but never owned the land itself. Which of the following parties will be liable under federal law?
Multiple Choice
a) Grandco only will be strictly liable because they are the current owners.
b) Grandco, PVI, and WHC will be jointly and severally liable.
c) PVI only will be strictly liable as they owned the property when the waste was dumped.
d) WHC only will be liable as a party and severally.