In Robert Zajonc's influential work, cockroaches were observed running in two types of mazes (easy or hard), either alone, with an audience consisting of other cockroaches, or with another cockroach in the maze (but otherwise, audience-free). What did Zajonc's audience condition demonstrate?
a. Complex tasks are performed less well than simple tasks.
b. The mere presence of others can facilitate or hinder performance.
c. Audiences pay attention to competitors.
d. Competitive situations are preferred over solitary situations.
