James has a family history of heart disease, and many of his male relatives have had heart attacks at a young age. After helping a friend move a number of heavy objects and using poor lifting and carrying techniques, James feels sharp pain in his rib cage and back. Even though the pain actually comes from strained and pulled muscles, James perceives the pain as a heart attack, which would be consistent with his own fears. This is a demonstration of which conceptual model?
a. Confirmation Bias
b. Emotional Bias
c. Health Belief Model
d. Illness Perception Model