Answer :

To put it my way, catapults throw, trebuchets fling.
A catapult launches its projectile somewhat like throwing something that is cupped in your hand with a straight arm. A trebuchet is more like holding a string attached to an object, and swinging your arm up and letting go of the string. Also a trebuchet uses a large weight to move the arm, the catapult is more like having a spring.
This was probably kind of confusing, but I hope I was able to help :)
-Catapults are any DEVICE that launches projectiles, or throws an object. 

-Trebuchet are A TYPE of catapult, using gravity or (with counterweight) or traction (men pulling down on a rubber band) to launch projectiles or objects. 

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