Answer: d. all of the above
Explanation:
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms which interact among themselves and with their non-living physical environment to sustain their lives. An ecosystem typically consists of abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components which are linked together for the energy flow and nutrient cycling.
The changes in an ecosystem will occur if the non-living and living components of the ecosystem change this will bring instability to the ecosystem. For example, water body like river a non-living factor if get dried it will affect the life cycle of the aquatic animals. Therefore, this will bring instability to the ecosystem.
On the basis of the above explanation, d. all of the above is the correct option.