Answer :
In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), the four core concepts are:
1. Encapsulation: Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit known as a class. This concept helps in reducing complexity and isolating the impact of changes. By encapsulating data within a class, you can control access to the data and ensure that it is only modified through specific methods, thus enhancing security and maintaining the integrity of the data.
2. Abstraction: Abstraction involves hiding the complex implementation details of a class and only showing the necessary features to the outside world. It allows you to focus on what an object does rather than how it does it. Abstraction helps in reducing complexity by providing a simplified interface for interacting with objects, making it easier for programmers to work with the code without needing to understand all the intricate details of its implementation.
3. Inheritance: Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP that allows a new class (subclass) to inherit properties and behavior from an existing class (superclass). This promotes code reusability by enabling the subclass to inherit common attributes and methods from the superclass. Inheritance helps in reducing redundancy by avoiding the need to redefine common features in multiple classes, thereby promoting a more efficient and organized code structure.
4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. This concept enables a single interface to be used for entities of different types, providing flexibility and extensibility to the code. Polymorphism eliminates redundant code by allowing different classes to implement the same methods in their own unique way, leading to more modular and adaptable software designs.
By understanding and applying these core OOP concepts - Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism - programmers can create well-structured, flexible, and maintainable code that effectively models real-world entities and promotes efficient software development practices.
