Answer :
Final answer:
Lichens, a symbiotic association between fungus and algae or cyanobacterium, thrive in dry environments due to their mutualistic relationship, making them ideal pioneer species in soil-lacking ecosystems.
Explanation:
Lichens are a symbiotic association between a fungus and an algae or a cyanobacterium. The fungus benefits by obtaining photosynthates from the algae or cyanobacterium, while the algae or cyanobacterium can thrive in a drier environment with the help of the fungus. This mutual relationship allows lichens to be a resilient pioneer species in ecosystems lacking soil, as the fungus provides protection and minerals to the algae, aiding their survival.
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