Critical thinking Questions
1. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of steroid hormones versus
non-steroid hormones.
2. How does the endocrine system interact with the nervous system to maintain
homeostasis (internal balance) in the body?
3. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a hormone released by the adrenal glands during
the "fight-or-flight" response. How do the actions of epinephrine prepare the
body for this situation?
4. Explain how the release of one hormone can sometimes trigger the release of
another hormone, creating a cascade effect. Provide an example.
5. How does ADH help regulate water balance in the body? What happens if ADH
production is disrupted?
6. How does insulin help regulate blood sugar levels after a meal? How does
glucagon work to raise blood sugar levels when they become too low?
7. Why is it important to maintain healthy thyroid function? How does TSH
regulate thyroid hormone production?

Steroid hormones act intracellularly, while non-steroid hormones act extracellularly. The endocrine and nervous systems collaborate for homeostasis, utilizing hormones like adrenaline for rapid responses in stress situations.

Explanation:

Steroid hormones differ from non-steroid hormones in their mechanism of action. Steroid hormones penetrate the target cell's membrane and act on intracellular receptors, directly influencing gene expression. Non-steroid hormones, such as adrenaline, bind to receptors on the cell membrane, triggering secondary messenger systems to bring about cellular responses.

The endocrine system interacts with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis through feedback mechanisms. For example, in the fight-or-flight response, the brain signals the adrenal glands to release adrenaline, which prepares the body for quick action.

Epinephrine (adrenaline) prepares the body for fight-or-flight by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, mobilizing glucose for energy, and redirecting blood flow to vital organs.

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