Answer :
Final answer:
Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of particles in a substance, temperature measures hotness or coldness, and heat encompasses the total energy from random motions of particles.
Explanation:
Thermal energy is the energy associated with the microscopic random motion of particles in a substance. It is kinetic energy resulting from the random translational, vibrational, and rotational motions of atoms and molecules.
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is, directly related to the average kinetic energy of the particles within it.
Heat, sometimes used interchangeably with thermal energy, refers to the total energy associated with the random motions of particles within a substance.
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