Answer :
Final answer:
Horizontal gene transfer and gene mutations are key mechanisms through which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance, impacting the effectiveness of antibiotics.
Explanation:
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a crucial role in the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by bacteria. Through processes like transformation, transduction, and conjugation, bacteria can transfer genetic material containing resistance genes to each other. This mechanism allows bacteria to rapidly adapt to their environment by acquiring new genetic information.
Resistance to antibiotics can also occur through gene mutations that alter the target of the antibiotic, making it less effective. Additionally, some bacteria may develop resistance by preventing antibiotics from entering the cell through mechanisms such as increased permeability or efflux pumps that expel the antibiotic.
By understanding how bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance through mechanisms like HGT and gene mutations, researchers can better combat the rising issue of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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