Answer :
The correct answer is:
c. Social control or bond theory
**Explanation:**
* Social control theory, also known as bond theory, argues that strong bonds to society deter individuals from criminal activity.
* The theory suggests that people with strong attachments to family, school, and other social institutions are less likely to engage in crime because they have more to lose.
* Power-control theory focuses on how powerful groups control less powerful ones.
* Feminist pathways theory explores how gender roles and socialization contribute to women's involvement in crime.
* Strain theory suggests that crime results from the strain experienced when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means.
