The vertical sequence of the layers of soil is called a soil profile.
The soil is formed by weathering the rock with a different time and process, so it becomes layered. The layers that form a soil profile are called soil horizon.
The developing way of each soil is different because it has different source rocks and diverse climate conditions. Mostly, soil profiles consist of a series of soil horizons. The soil horizon from top to bottom are:
1. Horizon O
Horizon O is an organic horizon that is rich in nutrients and formed above the mineral soil layer. This horizon is so important and the most fertile part of the soil profile. It is usually formed from the remains of dead plants or animals.
2. Horizon A
Horizon A is a layer composed of organic materials and mineral materials that undergo the rock washing process. This horizon is suitable for growing crops.
3. Horizon B
Horizon B is a layer composed of sediments from the bleaching in the horizon A. The characteristics of this horizon are the presence of alluvial concentrations, iron compounds, aluminium, and carbonates.
4. Horizon C
Horizon C is a layer formed of source rock, infertile, and less weathered.
5. Horizon R
Horizon R also called rock horizon. This horizon is composed of hard and solid rock and has not undergone a weathering process.
Subject: Geography
Chapter: The Soil Profiles
Keywords: definition of the soil profile, soil horizons, the series of soil horizons, characteristics of soil profile